Wednesday, December 25, 2019

Charles Dickens Essay - 1511 Words

Charles Dickens was an astounding author and titan of English literature throughout the Victorian era. Dickens was remarkably known for his early years, his career, and his life tragedies. During his career Dickens achieved worldwide popularity, winning acclaim for his rich storytelling and memorable characters. Dickens will forever be remembered as a literary genius who changed the world with his vivid novels and his superb stories. Charles John Huffam Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in the Mile End Terrace in Portsmouth England (Sahlman 1). His father, John, was a clerk in the navy pay office and was stationed in Portsmouth, at the time being. John was a very friendly, good natured, well read man, and a loving husband.†¦show more content†¦He worked there for several months and lived on his own throughout that time. Dickens found himself frightened by the horrific conditions of the factory. His experiences there led him to write some of his most famous works. (Hunter 67). As Dickens grew older, he began to develop an interest in fine literature and theatre. He also enjoyed viewing various plays at several theaters throughout London. (Johnson 10). He would sometimes pay theater managers to allow him to appear on stage (Peare 30). Dickens soon realized his true intuitions about the career path he wanted to follow throughout his life. Dickens’s creative imagination and exceptional writing style gained him much fame as he entered the spotlight for the first time. (Levine 154). In December of 1833, Dickens published his first story entitled A Dinner at Polar Walk. The following year, he became a political journalist, reporting on parliamentary debates and traveling across Britain to cover election campaigns. During the time when Britain was the major economic and political power of the world, Dickens highlighted the life of the poor and disadvantaged at the heart of the empire. A great deal of his journalism, in the form of sketches in periodicals, formed his first collection of pieces titled Sketches by Boz. (Hunter 69). The publication of these articles led to the creation of his first novel, The PickwickShow MoreRelatedCharles Dickens Biography1626 Words   |  7 Pagesattention to the childhood cruelty, the less fortunate in an English society, and the unwealthy dysfunctional families of the early Victorian time period. Charles Dickens reflects these and other issues as he brings to life the realism of writing. While others were writing about the w ay things should be, rather than the way things were, Dickens was challenging these ideas, and argued that paupers and criminals were not evil at birth. This was an act of rebellion, for he in fact was showing the VictorianRead More Charles Dickens Essay1932 Words   |  8 PagesCharles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens is the greatest English writer that ever lived. He was one of the most popular writers in the history of literature. Surely no English author is so well known and so widely read, translated and remembered as Charles Dickens. He fame is well deserved. From the pen of this great author came such characters as Oliver Twist, David Copperfield, Bob Cratchit and Tiny Tim, Mr. Pickwick, and Little Nett. Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in PortsmouthRead MoreRevenge, By Charles Dickens988 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Eisold Mrs. Dorman English 3rd 7 March 2017 Research paper There has been a point in everybody s life where they want to get back at someone for something they have done. In A Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens there are many forms of revenge, but they cannot be justified. Some specific points of revenge is the murder of Foulon, the plot against Lucie and little Lucie, and the plot against the Evermonde family for the murder of Madame Defarge s siblings. First, we need to find outRead MoreBiography on Charles Dickens627 Words   |  2 Pageselder Dickens was transfered several times, first to London, then to Chatham, and finally, in 1822, back to London, where the family lived in Camden Town. John Dickens was constantly in debt, and in 1824 he was imprisoned in Marshalsea debtors prison (Southwark). Charles was forced to leave school at the age of 12 and go to work in a bootblack factory to help support the Dickens family.It was his personal experience of factory work and the living conditions of the poor that created in Dickens theRead More3.03b Charles Dickens665 Words   |  3 PagesCharles Dickens Questions 1. From the biography, what incident changed Dickens life and helped to shape him as a writer?  · His father was imprisoned and he was forced to work at Warren’s Blacking Factory 2. How old do you think Pip is?  · Seven 3. Quote the specific language in the selection that leads you to this conclusion.  · â€Å"As I never saw my father or my mother, and never saw any likeness of either of them (for their days were long before the days of photographs), my first fancies regardingRead More Charles Dickens Essay2085 Words   |  9 PagesCharles Dickens Charles John Huffam Dickens was born February 7, 1812, in Ports Mouth, Hampshire. In his infancy his family moved to Chatham, where he spent his happiest years and often refers to this time in his novels (1817-1822). From 1822 to 1860 he lived in London, after which he permanently moved to a quiet country cottage in Glads Hill, on the outskirts of Chatham. He grew up in a middle class family. His father was a clerk in the navy pay office and was well paid, but hisRead MoreAnalysis Of Charles Dickens s Dickens 1765 Words   |  8 Pagestowards her Maker (Oliver Twist, Dickens 302 revised). Throughout Oliver Twist, Charles Dickens uses his characters and props to symbolize purity, even though the environment would seem to denote everything and everyone. Incontro-vertibly, some certainly conform to their environment; for example, as part of the lower class, Fagin and Sikes turn to thieving, lying, and even murder, instead of earning an honest living. Throughout the first half of the book, Dickens leads one to believe Nancy followsRead MoreCharles Dickens Essay2389 Words   |  10 PagesBiographical Summary Charles Dickens is one of the most influential writers in history and was â€Å"born in Landport, now part of Portsmouth, on February 7th, 1812†(Priestly 5). Despite being the successful writer that he was in life, Dickens had very humble beginnings and because his Father, John Huffman Dickens, â€Å"lacked the money to support his family adequetly† , Dickens lived in poverty through out most of his childhood (Collins). Matters only got worse, however, when Dickens’s Father had toRead MoreCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol1613 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and A Christmas Carol: Famed British author, Charles Dickens was born on February 7, 1812, in Portsmouth, England. He was the second of eight children, living in a poor neighborhood in London. His parents were John Dickens, a naval clerk, who always lived beyond his means. Married to his mother Elizabeth Dickens, who aspired to be a teacher and a school director. Dickens went to William Giles’ school in Chatham, Kent, for approximately one year before his father’s money habitsRead MoreCharles Dickens And The Victorian Era1643 Words   |  7 PagesCharles Dickens and the Victorian Era The various themes and ideas of the Victorian era are perfectly showcased in the many novels and short stories of Charles Dickens. The writers of the Victorian era produced an enormous amount of the greatest novels to ever be written- those that were realistic, thickly plotted, crowded with characters, and long. They, more often than not, showed the characteristics of the different social classes in society. Generally humorous

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Essay about Affirmative Action - 3693 Words

Affirmative Action Affirmative action is a blanket term that refers to â€Å"the set of public policies and initiatives designed to help eliminate past and present discrimination based on race, color, sex or national origin,† (Sykes). Before the Civil Rights Acts of 1965 and the 1954 Scott v. Topeka decision, there were â€Å"unwritten laws and protection for white men† against competition from women and ethnic minorities in prestigious professions, creating blatant inequality (Alsbrook). Affirmative action policies designed in part to counteract such â€Å"unwritten laws† were first employed in 1965 to provide equal opportunity among federal contractors; now however, they are used widely in many industries, both public and private (Kahn). In the†¦show more content†¦For example, according to a Department of Labor study, an estimated five million non-white workers and six million women are in higher occupational classifications today than they would have been without the affirmative action policies of the 1960s and 1970s (Americans 3). Turning to the realm of education, some opponents of affirmative action claim that its policies actually backfire, and that it harms the very groups it is intended to help. For example, Shelby Steele, a researcher who specializes in racial studies at Stanford University’s Hoover Institute, claims that blacks â€Å"stand to lose more from [affirmative action] than they gain,† (Steele 113). Steele argues that affirmative action in higher education precludes the success of racial minorities to â€Å"achieve proportionate representation on their own† because, as presently implemented, it confuses representation with development (115). He also claims that affirmative action leads to black self-doubt because it often calls for less prepared black students to compete directly with well-prepped whites (116). However, affirmative action proponent Ronald Dworkin utilizes evidence amassed from William Bowen and Derek Bok’s research on affirmative action in higher education to undermine both of Steele’s central arguments. Bowen and Bok’s study concluded that blacks do in fact applaud affirmative action because it has had positive effects on their educational experience andShow MoreRelatedThe Affirmative Of Affirmative Action Essay1389 Words   |  6 Pages Many affirmative action efforts have been made since the end of the Civil War in order to remedy the results of hundreds of years of slavery, segregation and denial of opportunity for groups that face discrimination. Many African Americans such as President Barack Obama, Senator Cory Booker, the writer Toni Morrison, the literary scholar Henry Louis Gates, media star Oprah Winfrey, and rap star Jay-Z have achieved positions of power and influence in the wider society (Giddens, Duneier, AppelbaumRead MoreAffirmative Action1559 Words   |  7 PagesRESEARCH PAPER AFFIRMATIVE ACTION INTRODUCTION Affirmative Action is an employment legislation protection system that is intended to address the systemized discrimination faced by women and minorities. It achieves this by enforcing diversity through operational intrusions into recruitment, selection, and other personnel functions and practices in America. Originally, Affirmative Action arose because of President Lyndon B. Johnson’s desire to integrate society on educationalRead MoreAffirmative Action1160 Words   |  5 PagesAffirmative Action Marlene S. Smith MGT/434 October 28, 2013 Thomas Affirmative Action Affirmative action is an action that was purposefully designed to provide full and equal opportunities for employment and education for women, minorities, and other individuals belonging to disadvantaged groups. This paper will assess the rudiments of Affirmative Action as it applies to public and private sector employers. The paper will also evaluate what employers are subject to affirmative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action1571 Words   |  7 PagesName Professor Name Management 11th November 2011 Affirmative Action Thesis: Affirmative Action has helped many women and minorities in entering the job market. Although there has been a lot of hue and cry regarding the benefits of the affirmative action and the suitability of candidates selected thorough affirmative action; research has shown that affirmative action is beneficial and the candidates of affirmative action perform as well as those who are selected through theRead MoreAffirmative Actions1078 Words   |  5 PagesRunning Head: AFFERMATIVE ACTION Affirmative Actions Affirmative action is an action taken by an organization to select on the basis of race, gender, or ethnicity by giving due preferences to minorities like women and races being not adequately represented under the existing employment. To make the presentation of all these compositions almost equal in proportion to do away the injustice done in the past. The Supreme Company need to design an affirmative action program in the light ofRead MoreAffirmative Action1759 Words   |  8 PagesAffirmative Action Right? Affirmative action has been around for decades. Some believe it isn’t fair but others do. Those who believe and agree with affirmative action tend to say, â€Å"The principle of affirmative action is to promote societal equality through the preferential treatment of socioeconomically disadvantaged people† (Bidmead, Andrew pg 3). Others that disagree with it and find it unfair simply see it as another form of discrimination, giving one group extra advantages based upon nothingRead MoreAffirmative Action And Its Effects On Affirmative1263 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout America there are many different views on the effects of affirmative action. Many see it as a negative policy which gives an unnecessary advantage to minorities in America. In a 2009 Pew Poll, â€Å"58% of African Americans agree† and only â€Å"22% whites agree† that there should be â€Å"preferential treatment to improve the position of blacks and other minorities† (Public Backs Affirmative Action†). Today affirmative action and other racial injustices tend to be in the spotlight quite often, suchRead MoreAffirmative Action774 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative action is a practice that is intended to promote opportunities for the â€Å"protected class† which includes minorities, woman, and people with disabilities or any disadvantaged group for that matter. With affirmative action in place people of this protected class are given an even playing field in terms of hiring, promotion, as well as compensation. Historically, affirmative action is only known to have protected African Americans and woman; however that is not the case. Affirmative actionRead MoreAffirmative Action : Gender Action Essay970 Words   |  4 PagesAffirmative Action (ADD PROPER INTRO) Affirmative action, in its broadest sense, are attempts to help create labor and educational opportunities for groups that have been disadvantaged in the past. (Miriam Webster). Evidence has shown that throughout history, many groups have been discriminated against, and because of past (discriminations?), they continue to experience obstacles in areas of hiring, promotion, renting, buying, gaining education, and everyday economic activities. Thus, affirmativeRead MoreAffirmative Action Is An Action Or Policy? Essay1774 Words   |  8 Pages Affirmative Action remains one of the more complicated and controversial topics dealt with in American society. Affirmative Action is an action or policy designed to protect specific groups who suffer from discrimination, and provide them with programs and special opportunities. These government or private programs were designed to set right historical injustices towards the members of these groups who have suffered things like employment and e ducational disadvantages from racial discrimination

Sunday, December 8, 2019

Mobile Phones Essay Sample free essay sample

go a portion of 1s life. Now a clip has arrived that people can non transport out their lives without this brilliant find of the Nipponese. As the old ages base on balls by the forms and size of these nomadic phones alterations. If we compare the latest nomadic phones with the first Mobile which came decennaries ago. we will be really much astonished to see the difference in the theoretical accounts. size and their latest techniques used. With the entry of nomadic phones communicating with the people has become easy. Now a individual has to reach person desperately. he/she can merely take usage of their nomadic phones and name whomever they want from the same topographic point where there are. Even though nomadic phones are really utile. it has both good qualities every bit good as bad qualities. Like the two sides of a coin. nomadic phones are a blessing every bit good as a expletive. We will write a custom essay sample on Mobile Phones Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Harmonizing to me nomadic phones are a blessing to this developing feverish universe. With the aid of nomadic phones communicating has become more and easier every bit good as faster. Now we are able to name a individual anyplace in the universe from the topographic point we are already present. Due to the new developments in these nomadic phones we able to acquire internet entree. update brassy intelligence. listen to music every bit good as hear wireless intelligence. Nowadays we dont have to travel to those rushy cafA © hubs to shop anything of import. All that we have to make is merely travel on browse in our nomadic phones. If we are bored we can listen to the music stored in the memory card which we use in the nomadic phones. Just travel on look intoing the nomadic phones for the latest intelligence go oning in the universe. Sometimes nomadic phones even become the portion of many groundss in many instances. Even though nomadic phones are holding many advantages its holding s o many disadvantages. Mentions: Mobile Phones a Boon or a Curse. /StudyMode. com/ . Retrieved 02. 2013. from hypertext transfer protocol: //www. studymode. com/essays/Mobile-Phones-A-Boon-Or-A-1447105. hypertext markup language MLA â€Å"Mobile Phones a Boon or a Curse† _StudyMode. com_ . 02 2013. 02 2013. CHICAGO â€Å"Mobile Phones a Boon or a Curse. † StudyMode. com. 02. 2013. Accessed 02. 2013. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. studymode. com/essays/Mobile-Phones-A-Boon-Or-A-1447105. hypertext markup language. Welcome * StudyMode. com is the web’s * taking larning tool. * We inspire 1000000s of pupils every * twenty-four hours with over 1. 000. 000 theoretical account essays * and documents. AP notes and book notes. * Learn More Related essays * Is Mobile Phone a Boon Or Bane? †¦fast life  · Like the two side of a coin. *mobile**phones* are a *boon* and†¦ 3 pagesJan 2013 * Mobile Phone Is Boon Or Bane †¦all know *mobile* *phones* and their extended use. Initially when the

Sunday, December 1, 2019

Naxalism free essay sample

The Naxal name comes from the village of Naxalbari in West Bengal, Indian state of West Bengal where the movement originated. The Naxals are considered far-left radical communists, supportive of Maoist political sentiment and ideology. Naxalism is growing in the undeveloped areas because of extreme poverty, unemployment and the collapse of the state structure. Government has failed to provide the access of basic human needs to the poor people living in those areas States which have Naxalism movements are Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand and West Bengal The Naxalites are active in approximately 40 percent of India’s geographical area. They control large portions of remote and densely forested areas and are concentrated in an area called â€Å"Red Corridor†. This area is also the tribal belt where the tension between economic development and aboriginal land rights is most apparent. Though all Naxal groups are bound by a common ideology they tend to act and react in different ways and affect a diverse kind of population which lead to varied opinions. We will write a custom essay sample on Naxalism or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page On July 5, 2011, the Supreme Court of India declared the militia as illegal and unconstitutional. Naxals believe that power flows from the barrel of a gun, and their aim is to create a classless society. Brief History of Naxalism in India: The term Naxalism was first coined in 1967. Communist party- ideology-1925 Communist party of India under the influence of Mao tsetung In 1948, a peasant movement took place in Telangana These ideological differences led to the split of the party in 1964, and the Communist Party of India (Marxist) also known as CPM was formed. In 1967, CPM participated in elections and formed a coalition United Front government in West Bengal with Bangla Congress. Comrade Charu Majumdar launched the Naxalbari uprising against the local landlord. Birth and Growth of Naxalism: On May 25th 1967 a section of Communist Party (Marxist)(CPM) cadres rose in revolt against the oppression of peasants in Naxalbari. They were led by CPM leaders Charu Mazumdar and Kanu Sanyal. CPM which advocated parliamentary politics did not support the rebellion. Rebels who were then known as Naxalites broke away from CPM and formed Naxalites movement. Naxalite movement based itself on the principles of Mao (Late leader of Chinese communist Party) and Che Guevara. Rebellion also benefited from the ongoing drought in India which affected peasants. By 1972 the movement was literally dead, due to efforts by the Indira Gandhi Government which used Patriotic sentiment to win over support of the general public. In early 1980s, a Naxalite group in Andhra Pradesh state started operations against state police in adivasi areas. Slowly operations extended into the neighboring states such as Madhya Pradesh. At the same time another Naxalite group carried out operation against state police in Bihar state. Two groups later joined together to form the Communist Party. For the past 10 years, it has grown mostly from displaced tribals and natives who are fighting against exploitation from major Indian corporations and local corrupt officials. The Chinese government has been found to have provided sanctuary to leaders of the movement, and the Pakistani ISI to have provided financial support. The members of the Naxal movement initially try to infiltrate and develop their bases in underdeveloped areas where there exist some sort of an administrative vacuum. While taking advantage of the feeling of neglect among the people, the Naxalites start educating them about their exploitation by the Indian state and how to bring an end to such exploitation through an armed struggle. Truth to be told, there has been a gross misunderstanding between both the parties. The State has failed to take into account the aspirations and rights of tribals. Their needs, their livelihood, are also important if we wish to march forward towards a sustainable model of development. A fully armed solution is not the way out, and the recent changes in policies like the IAP have been steps in the right direction. While gaining the trust of all the involved parties is imperative, it is essential that the State does not come across as being soft on law-breakers. Causes of the Threat: The causes of the Maoist movement in India are Economic, political and cultural dimensions which are closely linked. The first is the economic situation which is exploited by Naxalites and their extreme left ideology. On the one hand, India has experienced relatively fast economic growth, which has led to increased levels of national wealth. To facilitate and continue this development, businesses need more land and natural resources such as minerals. On the other hand, this economic growth has been uneven among regions, and has widened the disparity between the rich and the poor. Proponents of these businesses argue that these regions need economic development, if they are to catch up with their richer counterparts. The Indian aboriginals, known as adivasis, live these richly forested lands, which are wanted for development by businesses. The conflict between economic progress and aboriginal land rights continues to fuel the Naxalite’s activities. Their strongest bases are in the poorest areas of India. They are concentrated on the tribal belt such as West Bengal, Orissa, and Andhra Pradesh where locals experience forced acquisition of their land for developmental projects. Businesses are making adivasis go through â€Å"sham formal consultation† processes where interests of the adivasis are not sincerely considered. Second, the alienation that is being exploited by the Maoists has a social, communal and regional dimension. The battle can also be described between India’s most neglected people and the nation’s most powerful industrial businesses. The adivasis make up about 8. 4 percent of the population and live in severe poverty. They live in remote areas where government administration is weak and there is a lack of government services. These indigenous people have the lowest literacy rates in the country and highest rates of infant mortality. Given this socio-economic alienation, it is easy to see how the Naxalite’s ideology is popular among the rural poor and indigenous tribes, and why the adivasis view the guerrillas as their â€Å"saviours†. The adivasis do not feel like they have any political power to voice their grievances legitimately, and therefore the alternative of subversive, illegal groups seem attractive. Impact on Economic Development: The major macroeconomic effects of the Naxal movement are :- Reduction in per capita GDP growth Higher inflation rates Lower tax revenues Lower domestic investment and higher expenditure on defense at the cost of lower expenditure on education and health Lower exports, reduced bilateral trade flows and reduced foreign direct investment inflows Micro-economic effects include lower tourist inflows, lower regional tourism market share, reduced usage of public transport, reduced long term investments in agriculture and other potential sectors, reduced enrollment in schools, lower job availability and lack of substantial opportunities. Postive Social Political Impact: Naxalite movement has sustained for nearly 45 years because the Naxalites have received unwavering support from the lower caste villagers and adivasis who were time and again crushed by the higher caste zamindars or governance authorities before the Naxal surge. A plethora of reasons contribute towards their sustained support:- Forest (Conservation) Act 1980 placed the reserved forests of the entire country in the hands of the Centre. No portion of these reserves could be utilized without the prior permission of the government. This rule led to the eviction of many adivasis from the forests and their frequent abuse by the hands of forest officers. The Naxalites stepped into such disputes and provided protection to these adivasis from the forest officers as well as eviction from their habitat. The law and administration provides no succor to displaced people and treats them with hostility since such internally displaced forest dwellers tend to settle down again in some forest region which is prohibited. The Naxalite movement has come to the aid of such victims. The reason for displacement of people normally is extremes of poverty and social oppression, due to some irrigation or power plant projects and poor evicted from government lands. One such example was the displacement of adivasis by irrigation projects in Orissa who migrated to the forests of Andhra Pradesh. Without Naxal intervention these adivasis would have been evicted by forest officials from there as well. The Minimum Wages Act remains an act on paper for most of the rural India. It is reported that the Naxalites have ensured payment of decent wages to the labourers. In the matter of physical infrastructure like roads, school buildings, etc. , the Naxalite movement has on certain occasions exerted pressure for its improvement but in certain locations and various occasions they have obstructed the laying of roads, rail lines and construction activites for the fear of police and paramilitary raids. The slogan of the Naxalites from the beginning has been ‘land to the tillers’. They nearly brought an end to the absentee landlordism system although this activity is still prevalent in some places. The land seized from the rich landlords was given in the hands of the peasants who cultivated that land. From the looks of it, it seems that the Naxalite movement attempted to achieve equity in the society by means of class struggle and they did achieve it to some extent but at the cost of the economic development of the state. Negative Impacts of the Naxal Movement and Security Forces: Naxalites have always attempted to disrupt elections thereby not only preventing masses from choosing their leaders but also inhibiting them from exercising their fundamental right to vote. The Maoist extortion business is estimated to be around a whopping 2000 crore rupees. All contractors have to pay 5-10% of the project cost to Naxalites as ‘protection money’ Salwa Judum which was a militia set up with the approval of the government to counter the Naxals caused the displacement of 43,740 people as of 31, December 2006 from Chattisgarh. Security forces have also been alleged of recruiting minors as SPO’s (Special Police Officers) in the Salwa Judum. Salwa Judum has been alleged of practicing vigilante justice and their activist have been held responsible for heinous crimes like torture, rape and non-judicial executions. Often villages and adivasis are caught in the cross firing between the security forces and the Naxals causing loss of life and property. NAXALISM ITS EFFECTS ON BUSINESS The Naxalites may pose a graver threat to Indias economic power, potentially more damaging to Indian companies, foreign investors and the state than pollution, crumbling infrastructure or political gridlock. The growing Maoist insurgency over large swathes of the mineral-rich countryside could soon hurt some industrial investment plans. Just when India needs to ramp up its industrial machine to lock in growth and when foreign companies are joining the party Naxalites are clashing with mining and steel companies essential to Indias long-term success. The other reason for sounding the alarm stems from the increasingly close proximity between the corporate world and the forest domain of the Naxalites. There is a growing concern over the widening reach of Naxalites as they operated in 30% of India, up from 9% in 2002. The terror groups have already begun operating and attacking industries on the edge of Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, Orissa Tamil Nadu, Jharkhand and Madhya Pradesh. Naxalites are now planning to penetrate Indias major cities, and are looking to encircle urban centres, find sympathy among students and the unemployed and create armed, secret, self-defence squads that will execute orders. Investments Hurdled by Naxalism: Attacks by Maoist rebels on mining and other commercial activities in Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand and Orissa have cast an ominous shadow on investment plans by private players in these states. The attacks on mining and related activities could cost Chhattisgarh and Jharkhand dear as both the states have bountiful mineral resources that can boost their economy and generate employment opportunities Many of the potential investment destinations, particularly for the extractive industry and core infrastructure sectors are situated in Naxalite-affected areas, making it unviable for commercial operations. These States are on the verge of development, which can be attributed to the rich mineral resources, changing regional politics and the boom of the Indian economy. Unfortunately, the ongoing Naxalite activities are acting as major impediments to the overall growth of these least developed States Solutions: The complexity of the causes of the Naxalite problem as well as its implications both for internal and external security reflect a solution that is multi-dimensional and calls for a synergy between the central governments and the states. In order to comprehensively dissolve the Naxalite threat, the government has to address its root causes. Socio-economic alienation and the dissatisfaction with the widening economic and political inequality will not be solved by military force alone, which seems to be the main instrument employed by the government. The problem calls for a three-pronged solution: social and economic development, multi-lateral dialogue and military force. Socio-economic development As the Naxalites are fuelled by discontent from the marginalized and the poor, a larger percentage of the national budget must be allocated to addressing the needs of these regions. More of the national expenditure needs to be focused on developing these poorer regions through initiatives regarding health, education, social welfare and rural and urban development. Government service delivery should be improved in these tribal areas. Both state and government must ensure that things such as statutory minimum wages, access to land and water sources initiatives are implemented. In coming up with strategies for national economic growth, the government must always bear in mind the possible effects of fast growth for all socio-economic groups in a country as large and diverse as India. If the social needs of these marginalized people are addressed, there will be no discontent to fuel the Naxalite’s movements. Dialogue Second, the government should initiate sincere dialogue with these marginalised groups, the Naxalites and state leaders. The popularity of Naxalites with the adivasis is a reflection of the fact that the government has been unaware or â€Å"unapologetically indifferent to their plight†. By communicating and starting a dialogue between these stakeholders, these groups will feel that they being listened to. By opening dialogue, the government can give opportunity for the rebels to join the mainstream by showing them that solutions can be created together with the government, by being part of the political system in a legitimate way. They no longer need to resort to violence to get the state’s attention. For example, the former director-general of AP concluded that as a result of the ceasefire and dialogue with Maoists in 2004, the violence in the state decreased by 80-90 percent in the region. Military Currently, the main instrument employed by the government to address the Naxalite threat is the increasing use of the military. While some military force is still needed to combat against the Maoist guerrillas, it should not be the only solution. By only addressing the issue by brute force, government risks alienating civilians who are caught in the middle. Coercion of the state will only encourage people to rally against it. Governance: The growing Naxalite insurgency also reflects a flaw in the federal structure. Because law and order is seen as a state responsibility, the central government is unable to be implementing a coherent national strategy to address the threat. The government has the overall responsibility of mobilizing development, but it cannot do so without the support of the states. The central government and the states need to cooperate together to solve the internal security threats and coordinate the implementation of this multi-dimensional approach. Both organizations must complement and support each other’s initiatives and strategies. Government Policies: Naxalism 2009-Operation Green Hunt Initiated with the blessings of Home minister P. Chidambaram with the objective of cleansing naxalism from the Indian main land. The central government has recently decided to allocate meager Rs. 2 crore per year to per Naxal-affected district to develop the socio-economic situation. This is more a social and political problem than a law and order problem The Home minister made it clear that no talks will be held until the ultras abjure violence The government has also initiated publicity campaigns in order to garner support from the general public in their efforts to crack down on the naxals New Initiative in Jharkhand (Sep 2013): State police is planning to modify its existing Naxalite surrender policy for rebels in the bid to convince them to put down arms and lead a normal life. The surrender policy promised Rs. 2. 5 lakh in three installments, a monthly compensation of Rs 3000 with employment training, four decimal government land with Rs 50,000 cash to construct a house, free life long medical facility, free education up-to class X, incentive for marriage of daughters, among several other promises. Conclusion: To conclude, the Naxalite problem reflects underlying issues in the Indian social, economic and political institutions which threaten to expose India to even more danger from outside forces. While the Naxalite movement is mainly an internal threat, with globalisation, external and internal security threats are inextricably linked. The complex and multi-faceted approach to solving the Naxalite issue also reflects the fact that this is the biggest menace to India’s security in the future. The only possible way for any progressive activity to take place in these areas is by peaceful negotiations and ceasefire. In conclusion, let us take a look beyond the hullabaloo into the core reason behind it all. Capitalism and communism are two sides of the same coin. Enough blood has been shed over that piece of metal junk and humanity is yet to learn the lesson. We don’t own the coin. We are merely ephemeral entities who have been given a chance to add value to society. No one has given anyone the right to destroy what has never been anybody’s. Once we internalize this fact, there will be no dispute.